Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Gestational Diabetes

Mehmet Polat; Muhammed Saçıkara

doi:10.5281/zenodo.8134882

Authors

Mehmet Polat Karabük Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Karabuk, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-5543
Muhammed Saçıkara Health Science University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2305-588X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8134882

Keywords:

Gestational diabetes mellitus, risk factors, outcomes, diabetes mellitus, complications

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to the onset of diabetes occurring after the conclusion of the first
trimester of pregnancy. GDM is currently one of the most common pregnancy-related medical complications
and a cause of diabetes in young women. Maternal overweight and obesity, older age at birth, a history of GDM,
a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and ethnicity are important risk factors for GDM development
during pregnancy. GDM increases the risk of long-term complications in both the mother and infant, including
obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. It is also associated with adverse pregnancy
outcomes such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia or other birth injuries (also called birth trauma), hypertension,
and preeclampsia, perinatal depression, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Managing the mother and infant optimally
during long-term follow-up remains challenging. Dietary modification and increased physical activity are
the primary treatments for GDM and can alleviate GDM-related complications. However, hypoglycemic
agents, traditionally insulin, are used when normoglycemia is not achieved. This review focuses on the current
knowledge of GDM and briefly discusses its updates.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus